But LEDs are also the least understood lighting technology. So we went to General Electric lighting physicistGary Allen for a quick history lesson and a view into the future of LEDs. (GE sponsors this magazine.) It gets a little wonky so we threw in an illustrated glossary of terms to define some terms.

Txchnologist: Where did LEDs come from?

Gary Allen: The LED was a technology first developed in the 1950s that worked only in the infrared, in the invisible spectrum. The visible LED was invented at GE’s corporate labs in 1962. The inventor’s name wasNick Holonyak. That is not to say that GE is responsible for all of what’s going on in white LEDs for general illumination, there were a lot of other developments in the last 50 years that also enabled that.

Nick Holonyak: Invented the visible LED while working for General Electric in 1962. Later predicted in Reader’s Digest that LEDs would replace Edison’s incandescent light bulb

Txch: Is it fair to say that Nick Holonyak was the Edison of this technology?

GA: Nick Holonyak and any of us who have worked on light bulbs since Edison are really only working on a fraction of what Edison’s contribution was. He created an infrastructure. Nevertheless, Holonyak is sort of the Edison of visible LEDs [his was red]. The white LED is credited to Dr. Shuji Nakamura, who invented the first blue LED. Think about Holonyak inventing red and then at the very far end of the spectrum in 1993, Nakamura invented the blue. The blue LED made possible the white LED.

Txch: Is this a leapfrog technology?

Leapfrogging: Skipping directly to a more efficient technology without taking intermediate steps.

GA: Absolutely. I would call it disruptive. They are now already passing compact fluorescents in efficacy or lumens per watt. LEDs are increasing in efficacy at 10 to 20 percent per year.

Txch: Since LEDs are semiconductors, is there an analogue for Moore’s Law?

GA: It’s called Haitz’s Law: the amount of light you get out of an LED is doubling every two years and every decade the cost per lumen decreases by a factor of ten. The performance of LEDs is rapidly approaching a theoretical maximum.

Txch: Is your goal as a researcher to reach that theoretical maximum?

Theoretical Maximum: The highest efficiency an LED can achieve. A number somewhere around 400 lumens/watt.

GA: The ideal lightbulb has 5-10 equally important goals:
1) Efficiency
2) Cost. LEDs are more expensive per lumen than any other technology. But LED costs will continue falling the same way that transistor and semiconductor costs are falling even after they become the cheapest light source.
3) Color quality. The LED is approaching the ideal color spectrum.
4) Can you change the color?
5) Can you dim the colors?
6) What is the lifetime of the source ?
7) The ideal light source should be vanishingly small. If I want to put it out of the way I should be able to.

Txch: How do you drive the efficiency gains right now?

Lumens per watt (lm/W): A measure of a lamp’s efficiency. Incandescent bulbs rate about 15 lm/W while LEDs range from 50 to upwards of 200 lm/W.

GA: One way is the bandgap, which is two different doped semiconductors that create an energy difference between the p-doped layer and the n-doped layer. Just like any diode. There are losses in electrons moving between those materials due to impurities and imperfections in the lattice structure.

Once you’ve created the photon efficiently, you’ve converted the energy of an electron into the energy of a photon, then you have to get the photons out of the structure. There are photonic tricks and material-based tricks that once the photon is created you get it out of the semiconductor and into your lighting system without further losses. You might call that an extraction efficiency.

Finally there is conversion efficiency. Most white light sources now are blue LED generators that then become white by a down conversion of the blue photon by a phosphor. That phosphor efficiency needs to be optimized. As those factors approach 100 percent efficiency, the LED light source will have usable lumens per watt something on the order of 300 or more. That’s compared with our best efficiency sources like fluorescent and HID and so on, that matured at around 100 lumens per watt. LED can go up to two and three times more.

Txch: Tell me about future of LEDs.

LEDs: Already five times more efficient than the incandescent lightbulb, the cost per lumen is decreasing by a factor of ten every decade.

GA: I’ve been in lighting for 26 years. My personal interest in lighting technology is to be working on what becomes a near ideal light source, so we can get all of those six or seven key attributes to fully satisfy what the customer wants. An ideal lumens per watt is 300-400. How close to that can an affordable lightbulb get? Probably somewhere around 200 lumens per watt or more. Once you’ve gotten two-thirds of the way to theoretical max, there are diminishing returns in terms of energy savings.

The LED lightbulb that right now is five times more efficient than the incandescent, when it then becomes another five times more efficient and it’s using 1/25th the amount of electricity as the incandescent, do you still save much more money by getting even more efficient? The answer probably is no. So will we get all the way to ideal efficiency? Probably not. It won’t be economically rational to do that. But LED can get us very close to ideal theoretical efficiency.

Txch: What’s your favorite lightbulb?

GA: You really should ask an objective observer.

The lightbulb that I have in the kitchen over the counter is our GE Energy Smart par 38, which is one of my personal inventions along with other folks on the innovation team. This is very smooth, very soft looking and the beam is perfectly uniform. The color quality is very high and the efficiency is high. It looks beautiful in the ceiling.

The other favorite that I have, I burn in desk lamps is another of our inventions. That’s the omnidirectional LED bulb, the direct replacement for Edison’s incandescent bulb. We have right now a 40-watt replacement version. Our 60-watt version is coming out next month. Our 75- and 100-watt replacements are scheduled to come out next year. What we like about that is it is the incandescent replacement type of LED that looks and performs and feels most like Edison’s light bulb. When you think about what GE lighting would create as an LED replacement to Edison’s light bulb to fill the iconic soft white product, it’s this.

LED beneath cabinet strip lights

Strip lights are considered the luxury form of undercabinet light fixtures. LED linear strips feature a custom cut track that is intended to hide itself underneath the cabinet’s forward exterior. Up until recently, incandescent, xenon, or halogen festoon lamps provided slightly varied forms of white lights. Incandescent and halogen were used mostly to mild warm colors, and xenon was used extensively for cooler colors because of its slightly golden tone. LED undercabinet lighting has altered the boundaries of these near absolutes. Because LED’s can produce any color of mild now, including white, they might be adjusted to spectrally match whatever surface they are meant to illuminate.Because their slim design measures less than one inch, they are superb mild resources for any decorative display. Contractors routinely decorate bookshelves, antique cases, curio cabinets, and even ornamental furniture pieces with these custom-made, proprietary fixtures. Because they require only 20% the electricity as general room lights, and because they are completely dimmable, many people simply turn them down for night lights effects rather than completely turning them off.

Below cabinet LED puck lights.

Puck lights have always been popular as kitchen beneath cabinet lights and are also used in curio cabinets and very large bookshelves. Although not less unobtrusive, and therefore less ornamental, than linear mild strips, LED puck lights still provide an elegant compliment to many environments. They could be used in a very wide selection of places because they vary so greatly in size. Their basic design, similar to that of a hockey puck, gives them their colloquial name. LED puck lights are often used for tandem lighting in a very series. Because of the power saving curb they supply towards the Spartan budget, more fixtures and more light can still be produced at lower operating expense. Although not as sophisticated as linear strips, puck lights are nevertheless very popular because they are easy to install and can be used in possibly functional or decorative under cabinet lighting.

Recessed LED beneath cabinet lights

Instead of simply attaching for the bottom of the shelf the way puck fixtures install, recessed led below cabinet lights are mounted directly into the shelf. They are therefore a great deal more low profile and generally preferable to normal pucks when aesthetics is a major concern. Because they must be installed by cutting into the surface of the cabinet, make certain that your client absolutely wants recessed led lights under the cabinet prior to installation. Once installed, however, they cannot be removed without leaving a visible scar.

LED Rope lights

LED rope lights for beneath the cabinet mild is the simplest way to illuminate countertops and kitchen interiors. It works very well in smaller houses, townhomes, and apartment units where decoration without having extravagance represents the most sensible and cost effective means toward a better aesthetic. LED rope lights might be purchased in all primary colors, as well as white, in very large quantities for low prices. This is ideal for a builder working on small homes and condominiums looking to pass on savings to your first time buyer, who may or may not want to upgrade the lighting later, but who nevertheless will be happy to see some sort of below cabinet lights when he or she first moves in. These lights are very easy to mount as well using plastic clips that attach them to cabinet under surfaces and shelving in displays and bookshelves.

If you have any questions about LED applications and characteristics, then contact us directly to learn more information these energy saving, unique underneath cabinet lights fixtures.

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Liton Lighting is a pioneer in the field of recessed lights. On the top of the energy-saving technology and design, has a selection of options available Liton Recessed lighting. The recipient of the Best Interior Product Award 2010Liton is the best company to recommend, if you decide to go green to green your home, and update your style with contemporarylighting. With everything from miniature low voltage recessed lighting with LED lights recessed lighting retrofit dimming cabinet, has Liton each option device know when your house, shop or office with delicate finesse and the atmosphere could only dream to decorate.

Under Cabinet Lights

SomeThe most popular these days are built-in LED lights. The LEDs are rapidly becoming the latest trend inenvironmentally friendly lighting technology, as they are much more energy efficient than incandescent bulbs. LED lights are about 70% to 85% less energy because they do not lose heat during use.

But of course there are other options to save energy and recessed lighting. If the lights are not in your price range, then the search CFLRecessed lighting. Also cut in size from 2 “to 6″, these devices are much more energy efficient than incandescent light average. Focus fluorescent brightness, where necessary, so that they are effective in the layoutlights, use less of the same effect as incandescent lights. This trend reached contemporary lighting works for many different lighting situations, the use of low voltage lightingdecoration / display and lighting, and presenting retail products. Other creative applications are the placement of recessed lights in swimming pools, fountains and gardens or terraces.

But there are more choices when it comes to filling your home with rows of recessed lighting environment. There are also low voltage and mains voltage lamps. Low voltage lights are more complicated to install, since they require a transformer,To save energy and reduce stress. Often on the advantage, power devices is that they are less expensive because they require fewer parts and simpler designs electrically, but if your goal is to save energy, then low-voltage lights are a great alternative.

And, last but not least, the option is under cabinet lighting. Often these are overlooked a simple application of decorators home, if you could easily light up a room withbracket so subtle and refined. Under cabinet lighting is the latest trend in kitchen décor. Perfect for contemporary styles of lights that are recessed cabinet Liton a great way to subtly brighten your kitchen or workplace, and highlight the counter or hobbies. (Trains, anyone?) With wardrobeCordless Lighting Liton uses LED fluorescent tube and is the best design, gently illuminate any environmentfacilities without installing the ceiling.

Finally, there is definitely a variety of options when it comes to decorative recessed lighting. It can give way to more intimate room, to fill soft lighting, or brighten your office or business with the sole energy through the installation of a couple of small lights in major cities.

Recessed lighting ideas for the modern home

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We’re often asked to explain the difference between DOE’s Lighting Facts^® label and the Lighting Facts label that will soon be required by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). It’s a good question, so we thought we’d take the opportunity to answer it in this Posting.

The goal of both labels is to eliminate confusion and put everyone on the same page when it comes to evaluating lighting products. The two labels are intended to complement one another in what they cover. The FTC label applies only to medium screw-base light bulbs, and applies to all of them regardless of the technology; whereas the DOE label applies only to SSL products, and covers luminaires as well as replacement lamps.

Another big difference is the target audience. The FTC label is aimed at consumers, whereas the DOE label targets retail buyers, utilities, and lighting professionals – i.e., people who already have a certain amount of lighting knowledge. And while the DOE label is purely voluntary, the FTC label is mandatory and must appear on the back of each package of medium screw-base light bulbs by January 1, 2012. After that date, DOE won’t encourage the use of its own label on the packaging of SSL replacement bulbs, but when reviewing products, Lighting Facts partners can still rely on the verified information on the DOE label, which can be found on manufacturing specification sheets as well as at http://discountedled.com/.

Although the two labels look somewhat similar, there are differences in their content. Both give the light output in lumens, the watts consumed, and the CCT as an indication of light color. The DOE label also indicates the efficacy (in lumens per watt) and the color accuracy (expressed as CRI), whereas the FTC label instead provides the estimated yearly energy cost, the mercury content (if any), and the lifetime (based on three hours of usage a day).

We’re often asked why lifetime isn’t also included on the DOE label. The reason is that, at present, there’s no standard method for predicting the lifetime of an LED lamp, so referencing lifetime on our Lighting Facts label would be contrary to the policy of requiring standardized testing. A working group under the joint auspices of DOE and the Next Generation Lighting Industry Alliance has been addressing this issue, and revised recommendations for measuring and reporting the lifetime of SSL luminaire products will soon be published. In parallel, standards groups with DOE involvement have been working on test methods. Together, this work will pave the way for including lifetime on our Lighting Facts label.

As we’ve mentioned before, DOE’s Lighting Facts program is about far more than just the label. Our Lighting Facts website offers a wide range of tools to help users evaluate SSL products. One of those tools is a Product Snapshot of LED replacement lamps, which uses data from the Lighting Facts product list – now numbering more than 2,900 products and growing all the time – to compare the performance of LED replacement lamps to standard technologies and the new efficiency levels called for by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. The Product Snapshot is updated twice a year and, like all DOE Lighting Facts tools, is available online at no charge.

The latest Product Snapshot, released in May, includes some findings that are worth noting. For example, the light output of LED replacement lamps has been rising steadily, with 800-lumen products – equivalent to 60W incandescents – beginning to appear on the Lighting Facts product list late last year. But many A-shape and reflector LED replacement lamps still don’t meet the light output of high-wattage incandescents – and even when they do, many of these LED products fall short in terms of such metrics as CRI, CCT, and light distribution. In addition, many LED replacements for general-service fluorescent lamps have significantly lower light outputs than the products they’re intended to replace, and also fall short in terms of efficacy. What all this means that SSL is still far from being a slam-dunk, and that any evaluation of LED products has to consider total performance, not just one or two parameters.

The Product Snapshot also shows that because of their high purchase price – currently averaging around $40 – the payback for LED replacements of 60W incandescents is more than six years. Right now, CFLs can pay back in less than a year, saving more than $50 over the typical 10,000-hour life of the product. However, the price of LED replacement lamps continues to decrease very rapidly, and their payback times will before long become competitive with those of CFLs. Higher efficiency incandescent lamps, such as halogens, use nearly 30% less energy than their 60W low-efficiency incandescent counterparts, but still have roughly the same total cost of ownership due to their higher initial purchase price.

With SSL developing so rapidly, it can be hard to sort through the profusion of LED lighting products on the market and make intelligent buying decisions. DOE’s Lighting Facts program can help a lot in that regard. For more information, or to join, please visit Our Replacement LED Store

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Here are some closeup images of individual and groups LED’s. These Light Emitting Diodes can produce up to 500,000 Candle Power of Light at a minimal cost of electricity. Their economical energy savings are revolutionizing the world of interior, exterior and commercial lighting.

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Anyone that has been involved with LED products knows that the biggest issues in the past have been the lack of output available from most fixtures and the wide variation of color produced by these fixtures.  A designer would be very leery of using LED lights because they might get fixtures or lamps that looked “green” or “pinkish,” with no control over what might be delivered.  Even within the same shipment of lights, there may be a fixture with both color variations.

Now that more manufacturers are involved with the technology, everyone seems to be paying more attention to their binning.  Binning is the way on which LED dyes are sorted with their color in relation to the center line. This is known as the McAdams Ellipse. When the manufacturer of a LED lamp or fixture selects the LEDs for their product, they now generally pay a lot more attention to the bin as this will give their product the consistency that everyone is looking for and expects.

The second greatest advancement has been the rate of efficacy, or how many lumens per watt can be achieved.  There has been much misinformation stated and published on LED products in the past. Some claims have over exaggerated their performance so greatly that a lot of early buyers of LED products were greatly disillusioned.  The Department of Energy is now getting involved by setting up standards for the Energy Star Program. These new standards clearly state what LED products will deliver and what true equivalent replacement brightness will be achieved.  Also, LED producers are now able to create LEDs that can generate over 100 lumens per watt.  That being said, it must also be noted that when a fixture states its lumen output it must calculate the loss of heat, optics and electronics which all deduct from the final output.

The future of LED lighting is very exciting as we now have multiple options for every type of lamp or fixture. LEDs can produce a real life replacement for most types of energy wasting incandescent lighting. In addition, it reduces and eliminates the harmful fluorescent, mercury-filled lamps from our environment while still maintaining a well-lit space.

Please contact one of our LED experts at LED Source® and find out how we can assist you today. (www.discountedled.com)

The Strategies in Light (SIL) conference (Feb 22-24, Santa Clara, CA) played to a record crowd this year, and vendors of LED driver ICs and solid-state lighting (SSL) enabling technologies were prominent on the exhibit floor with demonstrations and new products. STMicroelectronics, Marvell, On Semiconductor, ad NXP semiconductor focused on retrofit lamps, while NXP and Texas Instruments (TI) had new drivers for backlight LED applications. Tyco Electronics, Microsemi, and Intematix, meanwhile showed recently announced module and remote-phosphor technologies for the first time.

STMicroelectronics HVLED805 driver

Both the conference presentations (watch for detailed reports in our March issue of LEDs Magazine) and the exhibits at SIL covered a broad range of SSL-centric applications. Mainstream applications such as general illumination and backlighting were prevalent in talks and on the show floor, although specialty applications such as LEDs in life science and horticulture were also addressed. Attendees learned about advancements throughout the value chain from LED components to luminaire design techniques.

Much emphasis remains on LED retrofit lamps because those products are easily deployed in place of incandescent or CFL lamps. Indeed Philips showed its US Department of Energy (DOE) L-Prize candidate at one of the opening-day workshops on LED light quality. And Philips Lumileds’ Ray Chock provided an excellent presentation on design tradeoffs for retrofit lamps. The key technical challenge is high temperature that can impact the LEDs, electrolytic capacitor, and even the solder – all of which figure into reliability. But Chock also reminded the audience of the price pressure saying, “Those don’t mean much is you can’t design a low-cost bulb.”

Retrofit lamp drivers

Designing the driver electronics and packing that design into a compact space is a major part of the challenge of designing a retrofit bulb. New, more-efficient driver ICs can simplify the task. STMicroelectronics, for instance, rolled out the HVLED805 driver at SIL that can dynamically change operating modes based on the load to maintain efficiency.

The STMicroelectronics driver is based on PWM control of the LED strings and utilizes primary-side regulation that eliminates the need for an opto coupler on the secondary side of the transformer for safety issues. The opto coupler is a key point of failure in lamps that require them. The driver also includes features to ensure safe operation with both open and short-circuit LED strings.

NXP introduced the SSL21081 driver based on its GreenChip technology platform that can deliver a 95%-efficient retrofit lamp using only 14 components. Jacques le Berre, director of marketing and business development, lighting solutions, NXP Semiconductors said, “The NXP SSL21081 was designed with small size, high integration and high efficiency in mind, allowing retrofit lamp manufacturers to reduce application size and cost and introduce LED lighting in small form factor applications.”

A-lamp reference bulb

Marvell didn’t announce a new driver IC at SIL, but instead focused on its retrofit lamp reference design that it has been demonstrating and optimizing for a year. Being a semiconductor company, Marvell isn’t planning to sell retrofit lamps but has produced quite a few lamps as a proof of concept. Moreover, the company will supply customers with every element of a design required to produce such a bulb. The available elements include a printed-circuit-board (PCB)design to host the LEDs, an optimized driver module/PCB based on the 88EM8080/81 driver that can fit in the base of the bulb, and the heat sink design.

Marvell’s LED lamp reference design

Cree director of business development Mark McClear, was eager to praise Marvell’s design. McClear pointed out that replacements for 40W incandescent lamps are the sweet spot of the LED retrofit lamp market right now. According to McClear, Marvell’s design uses only four LEDs to provide 40W equivalent illumination. Fewer LEDs means less heat and lower cost.

Marvell reduced the design to four LEDs by utilizing higher-current components designed for general illumination. As you might guess, Cree’s LEDs are in one of Marvell’s lamp designs but they also have a four-LED design based on Philips Lumileds LEDs. According to McClear, the bulk of 40W LED retrofit lamps on the market use seven or more LEDs.

On Semiconductor was also exhibiting its NCL30100 retrofit lamp driver. That product targets the ultra-small form factor of MR-16 lamps. The driver can hit 95% efficiency based on the low-voltage input to MR-16 bulbs.

Modules and enabling technologies

Microsemi is another IC supplier that’s employing module designs to help sells its driver components. The company announced the LXMG221W modular driver last year that is designed to be integrated into residential and commercial luminaires. The initial product supports 5 to 16 LEDs and was developed primarily as a reference design.

Irene Signorino, director of marketing for lighting and automotive products at Microsemi, indicated that the company plans to expand the module product line in the coming months with more configurations. The company remains an IC maker primarily, but found customers that weren’t comfortable designing and building their own drivers that wanted to buy the Microsemi design as a finished product. Separately in a conference presentation, Signorino implored the audience to fully explore the related but different concepts of MTBF and life expectancy when specifying drivers.

Tyco Electronics announced its Nevalo system of modular SSL products a month ago, and demonstrated the system publicly for the first time at SIL. The company has yet to announce a design win but asserts that several luminaire makers are working on products. Expect some announcements by Lightfair. Tyco also announced a new soldeless socket for Phillips’ new Luxeon S LED at SIL.

Intematix demonstrated its new remote-phosphor technology at SIL. The company announced the remote-phosphor-oriented platform called ChromaLit last month. The company believes that the remote phosphors will simplify luminaire designs and allow manufactures to eliminate LED binning since blue LEDs will drive the remote phosphor-lenses in the ChromaLit family. The company presented demonstrations on the exhibit floor and in the conference, but has not announced a design win for now.

Backlight drivers

For LED backlight applications in displays and even message boards, TI announced the TLC59282 IC that can drive 16-channels or Led strings. The IC can output as much as 17V to each channel while providing constant current control.

The TI design includes several features that are useful in large display applications. A design can cascade multiple of the ICs to support larger arrays of LEDs. Moreover, the driver IC breaks the 16 channels into four groups and slightly staggers LED switching to minimize switching transients and EMI.

NXP also introduced a new backlight driver – the UBA3077. Targeting TVs and computer monitors, the driver handles three channels each with a dedicated boost converter and delivers 94% efficiency. Each string can include 20 LEDs, and the driver can dim the strings to 1% of max light output to improve picture quality via better contracts.

About the Author  Maury Wright is the Senior Technical Editor of LEDs Magazine.

Incandescent bulbs are not very efficient, most of the power they use is converted into heat and only a small fraction of the power gets converted to light. Since LEDs reduce energy waste and present an alternative to conventional bulbs.

In this study, the scientists focused on improving certain features of LED lights, like size, flexibility and temperature. Song’s role in the project was to analyze the thermal management and establish an analytical model that reduces the temperature of the device.

“The new model uses a silicon substrate, novel etching strategies, a unique layout and innovative thermal management method,” says Song, co-author of the study. “The combination of these manufacturing techniques allows the new design to be much smaller and keep lower temperatures than current LEDs using the same electrical power.”

In the future, the researchers would also like to make the device stretchable, so that it can be used on any surface, such as deformable display monitors and biomedical devices that adapt to the curvilinear surfaces of the human body.

The study is titled Unusual Strategies for Using InGaN Grown on Silicon (111) for Solid State Lighting. The corresponding author is John Rogers, the Lee J. Flory Founder Chair in Engineering and professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). Other senior authors include Ralph Nuzzo, G. L. Clark professor of Chemistry at UIUC, and Yonggang Huang, Joseph Cummings professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering at Northwestern University.

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Incandescent bulbs are not very efficient, most of the power they use is converted into heat and only a small fraction of the power gets converted to light. Since LEDs reduce energy waste and present an alternative to conventional bulbs.

In this study, the scientists focused on improving certain features of LED lights, like size, flexibility and temperature. Song’s role in the project was to analyze the thermal management and establish an analytical model that reduces the temperature of the device.

“The new model uses a silicon substrate, novel etching strategies, a unique layout and innovative thermal management method,” says Song, co-author of the study. “The combination of these manufacturing techniques allows the new design to be much smaller and keep lower temperatures than current LEDs using the same electrical power.”

In the future, the researchers would also like to make the device stretchable, so that it can be used on any surface, such as deformable display monitors andbiomedical devices that adapt to the curvilinear surfaces of the human body.

More information: The PNAS paper is titled ‘Unusual Strategies for Using InGaN Grown on Silicon (111) for Solid State Lighting.’ Published online before print June 10, 2011, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1102650108

Abstract
Properties that can now be achieved with advanced, blue indium gallium nitride light emitting diodes (LEDs) lead to their potential as replacements for existing infrastructure in general illumination, with important implications for efficient use of energy. Further advances in this technology will benefit from reexamination of the modes for incorporating this materials technology into lighting modules that manage light conversion, extraction, and distribution, in ways that minimize adverse thermal effects associated with operation, with packages that exploit the unique aspects of these light sources. We present here ideas in anisotropic etching, microscale device assembly/integration, and module configuration that address these challenges in unconventional ways. Various device demonstrations provide examples of the capabilities, including thin, flexible lighting “tapes” based on patterned phosphors and large collections of small light emitters on plastic substrates. Quantitative modeling and experimental evaluation of heat flow in such structures illustrates one particular, important aspect of their operation: small, distributed LEDs can be passively cooled simply by direct thermal transport through thin-film metallization used for electrical interconnect, providing an enhanced and scalable means to integrate these devices in modules for white light generation.

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About LED light bulbs To put it simply, LED light bulbs are now ready to replace incandescent bulbs – CFLs are merely a stopgap measure. LED bulbs are made out of clusters of light emitting diodes – you’ve seen them in use in countless places, but perhaps most commonly as the small indicator lights on electronic devices and even flat screen televisions. LEDs use very little energy for the amount of light they produce and are becoming even more efficient with every year of production.

CFL’s are also potentially harmful to the environment due to the chemical makeup within their tubes.

Here are some collected image of LED and Diode replacements for existing Incadesant and CFL’s.

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